Purpose Currently, in the health-care sector, information security and privacy are increasingly important issues. The improvement in information security is highlighted in adopting digital patient records based on regulation, providers' consolidation, and the growing need to exchange information among patients, providers, and payers. Design/methodology/approach Big data on health care are likely to improve patient outcomes, predict epidemic outbreaks, gain valuable insights, prevent diseases, reduce health-care costs and improve analysis of the quality of life. Findings In this paper, the big ...