Conclusions In summary, immunization surveillance of COVID-19 patients is necessary. The novel immunosurveillance indicator NK-MM correlates with COVID-19 severity and predicts clinical outcomes and short-term mortality. Future research could focus on elucidating the mechanisms by which COVID-19 causes changes in the mitochondrial mass of NK cells and provide a stronger basis for organelle-targeted therapy of NK cells. Fundings. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China CRediT authorship contribution statement Bingqi Wang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. Zhenni Chen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Software, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. Yiran Huang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis. Jiayi Ding: Software, Visualization. Yingrui Lin: Software, Visualization. Min Wang: Writing – review & editing, Resources. Xianping Li: Conceptualization, acquisition, Writing