Immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including skin injury, liver and kidney injury, colitis, as well as cardiovascular adverse events, are a series of complications arising during the treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Cardiovascular events are the most urgent and the most critical, as they can end life in a short period of time. With the widespread use of ICIs, the number of immune-related cardiovascular adverse events (irACEs) induced by ICIs has increased. More attention has been paid to irACEs, especially regarding cardiotoxicity, the pathogenic mechanism, diagnosis and t...
