作者机构：
[Zhu, Shanying] Hunan Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Changsha, Peoples R China.;[Saravanan, Vijayalakshmi] Ryerson Univ, Toronto, ON, Canada.;[Muthu, BalaAnand] VRS Coll Engn & Technol, Arasur, India.
通讯机构：
[Zhu, Shanying] H;Hunan Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Changsha, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Privacy;Security;Big data analytics;Cybersecurity mechanism;Health-care applications
摘要：
Purpose Currently, in the health-care sector, information security and privacy are increasingly important issues. The improvement in information security is highlighted in adopting digital patient records based on regulation, providers' consolidation, and the growing need to exchange information among patients, providers, and payers. Design/methodology/approach Big data on health care are likely to improve patient outcomes, predict epidemic outbreaks, gain valuable insights, prevent diseases, reduce health-care costs and improve analysis of the quality of life. Findings In this paper, the big data analytics-based cybersecurity framework has been proposed for security and privacy across health-care applications. It is vital to identify the limitations of existing solutions for future research to ensure a trustworthy big data environment. Furthermore, electronic health records (EHR) could potentially be shared by various users to increase the quality of health-care services. This leads to significant issues of privacy that need to be addressed to implement the EHR. Originality/value This framework combines several technical mechanisms and environmental controls and is shown to be enough to adequately pay attention to common threats to network security.
摘要：
Altered behavioural responses to sensory stimuli, including both hypo- and hyper-reactivity, have been found in individuals with schizophrenia. However, how specific sensory responsiveness patterns are associated with symptomatology of schizophrenia remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to examine sensory responsiveness in typically-developing (TD) adolescents (n = 98) and adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) (n = 29) and investigate the relationship between schizotypal traits and sensory responsiveness patterns. All participants completed the Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile (AASP), the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Results showed that higher levels of hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity coexisted in EOS patients and were correlated with positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Atypical sensory experiences except for sensory seeking were found to be positively correlated with higher levels of schizotypal traits regardless of diagnostic status. Moreover, the strength and pattern of such correlations were comparable in both EOS and TD groups. This study also provided evidence that higher levels of autistic traits would intensify the positive correlation between schizotypal traits and sensory responsiveness abnormalities, suggesting an additive effect of co-occurring schizotypal and autistic traits on atypical sensory experiences. These findings extend previous research by depicting sensory responsiveness patterns in younger populations with schizophrenia, and may have implications for future development of sensory-related interventions in clinical settings.
摘要：
Objectives Cytokine activation and low complement levels are common in depression patients. This study is aimed at investigating the clinical significance of changes in serum concentrations of melatonin (MT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), homocysteine (hcy), and complement C3 and C4 in depression patients and relationships of them with depression activity. Methods A total of 95 depression patients, including first-episode group (n= 43) and recurrent group (n= 52), and 45 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Serum levels of MT, IL-6, hcy, C3, and C4 in all samples were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence method, enzyme circulation method, and immuno-scatter turbidimetric assay, respectively. Results The serum MT, IL-6, and hcy levels in the first-episode group (113.08 +/- 5.06 pg/ml, 2.06 +/- 0.12 ng/L, and 13.87 +/- 0.45 mu mol/L), and recurrent group (117.63 +/- 4.63 pg/ml, 2.20 +/- 0.12 ng/L, and 13.61 +/- 0.46 mu mol/L) were significantly higher than those in the control group (89.50 +/- 5.10 pg/ml, 1.57 +/- 0.06 ng/L, and 11.34 +/- 0.40 mu mol/L). The serum levels of C3 in the first-episode group (0.95 +/- 0.02 ng/L) were significantly lower than those in the recurrent group (1.05 +/- 0.03 ng/L) and control group (1.12 +/- 0.03 ng/L). There was no significant difference in serum C4 level between each group. Conclusion These results suggest that higher serum MT, IL-6, and hcy levels were correlated with pathogenesis of depression.
期刊：
EXPLORE-THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND HEALING,2020年16(6):357-362 ISSN：1550-8307
通讯作者：
Wu, Bin;Zhou, Yuexia
作者机构：
[Wang, Miao] Chengdu Univ Tradit Chines, Affiliated Hosp 4, Chongqing 400021, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Miao; Yi, Guoxiang; Wu, Bin] Chongqing Hosp Tradit Chinese Med, Dept Rheumatol, Chongqing 400021, Peoples R China.;[Yi, Guoxiang] Hunan Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Grad Sch, Changsha 410007, Peoples R China.;[Gao, Hongyan] Chongqing Key Lab Tradit Chinese Med Prevent & Tr, Chongqing 400021, Peoples R China.;[Zhou, Yuexia] Southwest Univ, Coll Mus, Chongqing 400715, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Wu, Bin] C;[Zhou, Yuexia] S;Chongqing Hosp Tradit Chinese Med, Dept Rheumatol, Chongqing 400021, Peoples R China.;Southwest Univ, Coll Mus, Chongqing 400715, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Depression;Fibromyalgia;Meta-analysis;Music therapy;Pain;Quality of life
摘要：
Objective: We evaluated the effects of music therapy on pain, depression and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. Methods: Ten online databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of music therapy on fibromyalgia patients, published up to 1st January 2019. The results were filtered and independently extracted. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the chi-square test. According to the outcome of the heterogeneity indices, either a fixed effect or a random effect model was used. Results: In total, seven randomized controlled trials were included. The Pain Visual Analog Scale, the McGill Pain Scale, the Beck Depression Scale and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire were used as outcome measures. Our evidence indicated that patient intervention with music therapy had lower scores on the Pain Visual Analog Scale (95% confidence interval [CI] -2.22 to -1.18, Z = 6.44, P < 0.00001, four studies) and Beck Depression Scale (95% CI -0.65 to -0.03, Z = 2.17, P = 0.03, two studies). No significant differences were observed on the McGill Pain Scale between the music intervention and control groups (95% CI -0.83 to -0.09, Z = 1.59, P = 0.11). A general qualitative description of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire results was given due to high heterogeneity (I-2 = 96%, P < 0.00001). Conclusions: The music therapy is superior to non-music therapy in the treatment of pain, depression, and improvement of quality of life in fibromyalgia patients. However, due to the low quantity and quality of the included studies, a larger number and high-quality of RCTs are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of music therapy. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
期刊：
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment,2019年15:3131-3141 ISSN：1178-2021
通讯作者：
Tang, Qiuping
作者机构：
[Pan, Chen; Tang, Qiuping; Cai, Yu] Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp 3, Dept Clin Psychol, Changsha 410013, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Honghong] Cent South Univ, Xiangya Sch Nursing, Dept Fundamental Nursing, Changsha 410013, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Minzhen] First Hosp Changsha, AIDS Dept, Changsha 410005, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Xiao, Changgen] Hunan Univ Chinese Med, Sch Humanities & Management, Dept Appl Psychol, Changsha 410208, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Koniak-Griffin, Deborah] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
通讯机构：
[Tang, Qiuping] C;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp 3, Dept Clin Psychol, Changsha 410013, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
human immunodeficiency virus;stress;emotions;job burnout;mindfulness-based intervention
摘要：
Background/purpose: Workplace stress among nurses providing care for people living with human immunodeficiency virus is a serious problem in China that may increase rates of job burnout and affect quality of care. Mindfulness-based intervention has been shown to be effective in relieving stress and burnout in nurses. Therefore, we designed a mixed-method pilot study to evaluate a mindfulness-based intervention for nurses providing care for people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: Twenty nurses caring for people living with human immunodeficiency virus in the First Hospital of Changsha, China participated in a mindfulness-based intervention for 2 hr sessions weekly for 6 weeks. The Perceived Stress Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used to collect data before and after the mindfulness-based intervention. Participants were invited to attend an in-depth interview 1 week after the end of the mindfulness-based intervention to give feedback. Results: The quantitative analyses revealed a significant change in Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire scores. There were no significant differences between pre- and post-intervention measures of any other variables. Qualitative results showed nurses experienced a decrease in work and daily life pressures; improvements in communications with patients, colleagues and families, with better regulation of negative emotions, and acceptance of other people and attention. Conclusion: This study supports the acceptability and potential benefits of the mindfulness-based intervention in helping nurses caring for people living with human immunodeficiency virus to manage stress and emotions, and improve their acceptance of others and attention. A larger study with a randomized controlled trial design is warranted to confirm the effectiveness of this mindfulness-based intervention.
关键词：
Sleep, synthetic sedatives, medicinal plants, efficacy, literature review
摘要：
Insomnia is a state defined as trouble with sleep; it is a chronically disabling condition and is now significantly prevalent, imposing enormous health and economic burdens both on individuals and on society. This state includes trouble in falling asleep, problems staying asleep, fragmented sleep (repeatedly awakening at night), and/or awakening before time in the morning. This difficulty in sleeping causes feeling exhausted during the day and trouble with daytime activities including driving, family responsibilities, and completion of valued daily routines. Different types of synthetic sedative drugs are used to handle nervous system changes, but repeated use of sedatives caused tolerance in the human body. After a while, people had to take a heavy dose of sedative to make them feel sleepy, which imposes extra toxic effects on vital organs of the body. Medicinal plants are gaining more and more attention as sedative agents because herbs contained different types of natural bioactive metabolites with not well reported side effects. In addition, medicinal plants have economic, high efficacy and are easy available. So in current review plants possessing sedative activities have been compiled with their constituents responsible to manage insomnia. Review of the literature indicated that medicinal plants from various systems of medicine have been reported to possess sedative activity. This review suggests that medicinal plants are efficacious for insomnia; further laboratory and clinical studies are required.
作者机构：
[Yuan, Ning; Liu, Chunyu] Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp 2, Dept Psychiat, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yuan, Ning; Liu, Chunyu] Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp 2, Mental Hlth Inst, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yuan, Ning; Liu, Chunyu] Cent South Univ, Natl Clin Res Ctr Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yuan, Ning; Liu, Chunyu] Cent South Univ, Natl Technol Inst Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yuan, Ning; Liu, Chunyu] Hunan Univ Chinese Med, Sch Clin Med, Hunan Prov Brain Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, Chunyu] C;[Liu, Chunyu] H;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp 2, Dept Psychiat, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp 2, Mental Hlth Inst, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ, Natl Clin Res Ctr Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Inflammation is a natural defence response of the immune system against environmental insult, stress and injury, but hyper- and hypo-inflammatory responses can trigger diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is involved in multiple psychiatric disorders. Using inflammation-related factors as biomarkers of psychiatric disorders requires the proof of reproducibility and specificity of the changes in different disorders, which remains to be established. We performed a cross-disorder study by systematically evaluating the meta-analysis results of inflammation-related factors in eight major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depression disorder (MDD), post-trauma stress disorder (PTSD), sleeping disorder (SD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and suicide. A total of 43 meta-analyses involving 704 publications on 44 inflammation-related factors were included in the study. We calculated the effect size and statistical power for every inflammation-related factor in each disorder. Our analyses showed that well-powered case-control studies provided more consistent results than underpowered studies when one factor was meta-analysed by different researchers. After removing underpowered studies, 30 of the 44 inflammation-related factors showed significant alterations in at least one disorder based on well-powered meta-analyses. Eleven of them changed in patients of more than two disorders when compared with the controls. A few inflammation-related factors showed unique changes in specific disorders (e.g., IL-4 increased in BD, decreased in suicide, but had no change in MDD, ASD, PTSD and SCZ). MDD had the largest number of changes while SD has the least. Clustering analysis showed that closely related disorders share similar patterns of inflammatory changes, as genome-wide genetic studies have found. According to the effect size obtained from the meta-analyses, 13 inflammation-related factors would need <50 cases and 50 controls to achieve 80% power to show significant differences (p < 0.0016) between patients and controls. Changes in different states of MDD, SCZ or BD were also observed in various comparisons. Studies comparing first-episode SCZ to controls may have more reproducible findings than those comparing pre- and post-treatment results. Longitudinal, system-wide studies of inflammation regulation that can differentiate trait- and state-specific changes will be needed to establish valuable biomarkers.
期刊：
Journal of Cancer,2019年10(26):6491-6501 ISSN：1837-9664
通讯作者：
Wang, Xin;Zhou, Liangrong
作者机构：
[Zang, Shuang] China Med Univ, Sch Nursing, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Xin] China Med Univ, Coll Humanities & Social Sci, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China.;[Zhan, Huan; Zhou, Liangrong] Hunan Univ Chinese Med, Sch Humanities & Management, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Wang, Xin] C;[Zhou, Liangrong] H;China Med Univ, Coll Humanities & Social Sci, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China.;Hunan Univ Chinese Med, Sch Humanities & Management, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
lung cancer;current curative expenditure;System of Health Accounts 2011
摘要：
Purpose: To investigate the total current curative expenditure (CCE) of lung cancer in Hunan Province, China under the framework of the System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA 2011) and explore the effect of insurance status, surgery and length of stay on the hospitalization expenses of patients with lung cancer. Methods: Through multistage stratified cluster random sampling, a total of 46,214 patients with lung cancer were enrolled from 1,072 medical institutions in Hunan Province in 2016. Under the SHA 2011 framework, the lung cancer CCE was analyzed. The relationships between hospitalization expenditure and the following factors (surgery, type of hospital, insurance status, length of stay, institution level, age and sex) were analyzed using Spearman's correlation analyses, and how these factors influenced hospital expenditure was explored through multiple stepwise regression analysis and structural equation modelling. Results: The CCE for lung cancer patients was 8063.75 million CNY. In total, 96.03% of the CCE for lung cancer occurred in hospitals and 58.88% of the expenditure flowed to general hospitals. The highest expenditures were incurred in the group aged 55-74 y, which accounted for 61.58% of the CCE. Drugs accounted for the greatest share expenditure to lung cancer patients at 34.31% of the CCE. Surgery, insurance status, institution level, sex and hospital type explained 57.5% of the variance in hospital expenses. The hospitalization expenses were related to surgery, insurance status, institution level and sex (rs = 0.033-0.688, p < 0.001). Surgery, insurance status and length of stay had direct effects on hospitalization expenses. Length of stay mediated the relationship between surgery and hospitalization expenses for lung cancer patients. Surgery mediated the relationship between insurance status and hospitalization expenses. All of these variables can explain 45% of the variance in hospitalization expenses. Conclusions: The CCE of lung cancer is extremely high. The problems related to treatment efficiency and equity are serious for lung cancer patients in China. It is essential to expand health insurance coverage and reduce the curative expenditure of lung cancer.
摘要：
Depression is a common psychiatric disorder that affects almost 10% of children and adolescents worldwide. Numerous synthetic chemical antidepressants used to treat depression have adverse side effects. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches for depression treatment are urgently needed. Leonurus cardiaca has recently been shown to be effective for the treatment of nervous system diseases such as depression, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the mechanism underlying leonurine’s antidepressant activity. Leonurine was used to treat corticosterone-induced PC12 cells to examine its effect on neurite outgrowth and neurotrophic factors after treatment with the inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and serum-inducible and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assays were used to evaluate the viability of cells. High content analysis was used to detect cell area, total neurite length, maximum neurite length, and expression of GR, SGK1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophic factor-3 (NT-3), and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2). The results showed that leonurine increased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with the maximal prosurvival effect at 60 μM. Leonurine increased cell area, total neurite length, and maximum neurite length of corticosterone-induced PC12 cells, increased the expression of GR, BDNF, NT-3, and BCL-2, and decreased the expression of SGK1. After treatment with GR inhibitor RU486, the expressions of GR, BDNF, NT-3, and BCL-2 were significantly decreased and SGK1 was increased. In contrast, treatment with GSK650394 had the opposite effect of RU486. Our data indicate that leonurine promotes neurite outgrowth and neurotrophic activity in cultured PC12 cells, and its potential mechanism may involve the GR/SGK1 signaling pathway.
摘要：
Background: A large portion of previous studies that have demonstrated brain gray matter reduction in individuals who use methamphetamine (MA) have focused on short-term abstinence, but few studies have focused on the effects of long-term abstinence of methamphetamine on brain structures. Materials and Methods: Our study includes 40 healthy controls and 44 abstinent methamphetamine-dependent (AMD) subjects who have abstained for at least 14 months. For every AMD subject, the age when they first used MA, the total time of MA use, the frequency of MA use in the last month before abstinence, the duration of abstinence and the craving score were recorded. Here we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the gray matter volume (GMV) of each subject with voxel-based morphometry method. Two-sample t-test (AlphaSim corrected) was performed to obtain brain regions with different gray matter volume (GMV) between groups. In addition, partial correlation coefficients adjusted for age, years of education, smoking, and drinking were calculated in the AMD group to assess associations between the mean GMV values in significant clusters and variables of MA use and abstinence. Results: Compared with the healthy control group, AMD group showed increased gray matter volumes in the bilateral cerebellum and decreased volumes in the right calcarine and right cuneus. Moreover, GMV of left cerebellum are positively correlated with the duration of abstinence in the AMD group (p = 0.040, r = 0.626). Conclusions: The present study showed that the gray matter volume in some brain regions is abnormal in the AMD subjects with long-term abstinence. Changes in gray matter volume of visual and cognitive function regions suggested that these areas play important roles in the progress of MA addiction and abstinence. In addition, positive correlation between GMV of the left cerebellum crus and duration of abstinence suggested that prolonged abstinence is beneficial to cognitive function recovery.
摘要：
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a debilitating and heterogeneous disease. We hypothesized that the oxytocin (OXT) system, inflammation and one-carbon metabolism would have a link with SZ. In this study, serum OXT, OXT receptor (OXTR), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) levels were measured in 52 first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 41 healthy controls (HC) from the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. Meanwhile, the mRNA expressions of OXT and OXTR genes were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Serum OXT and OXTR levels were significantly lower in FES patients (518.96 +/- 22.22 and 174.60 +/- 17.11 pg/ml) than the HC group (711.58 +/- 40.57 and 252.15 +/- 20.62 pg/ml). Serum IL-6 and hsCRP levels showed no difference between the two groups (1.82 +/- 0.30 vs. 1.69 +/- 0.36 pg/ml, 0.66 (0.22, 1.07) vs. 0.31 (0.13, 0.91) mg/L), but serum Hcy levels were significantly higher in FES patients (20.18 +/- 1.83 vs. 15.24 +/- 0.82 mumol/ml). The FES patients (0.27 +/- 0.02 and 0.20 +/- 0.02) have relatively higher mRNA expressions of OXT and OXTR genes than the HC group (0.16 +/- 0.01 and 0.14 +/- 0.01). In summary, our results suggested the possible function of the OXT system and Hcy in the pathogenesis of SZ.
作者机构：
[Zhou, Han-Yu; Gong, Jing-Bo; Chan, Raymond C. K.; Yang, Han-Xue] Inst Psychol, Neuropsychol & Appl Cognit Neurosci Lab, CAS Key Lab Mental Hlth, Beijing, Peoples R China.;[Zhou, Han-Yu; Chan, Raymond C. K.; Yang, Han-Xue] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Dept Psychol, Beijing, Peoples R China.;[Gong, Jing-Bo] Hunan Univ Chinese Med, Dept Appl Psychol, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Cheung, Eric F. C.] Castle Peak Hosp, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.;[Gooding, Diane C.] Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Psychol, Madison, WI USA.
通讯机构：
[Chan, Raymond C. K.] C;Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, 16 Lincui Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
摘要：
The present study aimed to explore the relationship between autistic and schizotypal traits in the non-clinical population. We first conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the correlation between self-reported autistic traits and the three dimensions of schizotypal traits (positive, negative and disorganization). The strongest correlation was found between autistic traits and negative schizotypal traits (r = 0.536, 95% CI [0.481, 0.586]), followed by the disorganization (r = 0.355, 95% CI [0.304, 0.404]) and positive (r = 0.256, 95% CI [0.208, 0.302]) dimensions. To visualize the partial correlations between dimensional behavioural traits, we constructed a network model based on a large sample of college students (N = 2469). Negative schizotypal traits were strongly correlated with autistic social/communicative deficits, whereas positive schizotypal traits were inversely correlated with autistic-like traits, lending support to the psychosis-autism diametrical model. Disentangling the overlapping and diametrical structure of autism and schizophrenia may help to elucidate the aetiology of these two neurodevelopmental disorders. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
摘要：
Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a factor of risk for psychosis and is associated with alterations in facial emotion processing.Negative symptoms of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are associated with deficits in facial emotion processing, but research findings on schizotypy are mixed. This study examined the early stage of facial emotion processing in young adults with high levels of negative schizotypy (NS) and explored the impact of childhood maltreatment. On the basis of the Social and Physical Anhedonia subscales of the Chapman Psychosis-Proneness Scales, a total of 74 high-NS and 52 low-NS individuals were recruited to complete the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the dot-probe task. The P100 and N170 components of event-related potentials were measured to assess the processing of four facial expressions of emotion. The high-NS group showed significantly reduced P100 amplitudes for all facial expressions. Angry and fearful expressions elicited larger N170 amplitudes than disgusted and happy expressions. Happy expressions elicited shorter N170 latencies than disgusted expressions. Compared to the high-NS group without CM, the high-NS group with CM had a longer latency of P100. Individuals with high NS, compared to individuals with low NS, have impaired fundamental visual processing, but intact processing of facial figurations. Childhood maltreatment may be a factor responsible for the pathological state of the visual pathway in high NS group.
作者：
Khan, Asmat Ullah;Akram, Muhammad;Daniyal, Muhammad;Zainab, Rida*
期刊：
International Journal of Neuroscience,2019年129(1):55-93 ISSN：0020-7454
通讯作者：
Zainab, Rida
作者机构：
[Khan, Asmat Ullah] Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Lab Neuroanat & Neuropsychobiol, Dept Pharmacol,FMRP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.;[Khan, Asmat Ullah] Univ Poonch Rawalakot, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Eastern Med & Surg, Rawalakot, Pakistan.;[Zainab, Rida; Akram, Muhammad] Govt Coll Univ, Directorate Med Sci, Dept Eastern Med & Surg, Old Campus,Allama Iqbal Rd, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.;[Daniyal, Muhammad] Hunan Univ Chinese Med, Sch Pharm, TCM & Ethnomed Innovat & Dev Lab, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Daniyal, Muhammad] Hunan Univ, Coll Biol, State Key Lab, Hunan Prov Key Lab Plant Funct Genom & Dev Regula, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zainab, Rida] G;Govt Coll Univ, Directorate Med Sci, Dept Eastern Med & Surg, Old Campus,Allama Iqbal Rd, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
关键词：
Parkinson's disease;dopaminergic pathways;motor system;neostriatum;substantia nigra pars compacta
摘要：
Context: Parkinson's disease is the second common progressive neurodegenerative disease, distressing older men and is prevalent Worldwide. Objectives: This paper is aimed to review the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management of Parkinson disease. Methods: A google search was performed to recognize studies that review the characteristics of Parkinson disease. Search terms included " Parkinson's disease", " epidemiology", " etiology", " pathogenesis", " clinical manifestations", " diagnosis" and " management of Parkinson disease". Results: Parkinson's disease is linked to factors such as environmental chemicals, aging, family history and pesticide exposure such as the use of synthetic heroin. Parkinson's disease is characterized clinically by tremors at rest, postural instability, expressionless countenance, lead pipe rigidity and less commonly cognitive impairment. After 60 years of age, Parkinson's disease is commonly prevalent in 1% to 2% of the population, no racial differences are apparent, but the prevalence of Parkinson's disease is more common in men than women. There has also been a better understanding that the disorder may be linked with major non-motor trouble in addition to the additional generally recognized motor complications. There are various management options for the timely management of Parkinson disease. As the ailment advances, further management strategies are existing; however, the management of non-motor manifestations and late stage motor complications remains mainly testing and will advantage from additional clinical studies. Conclusion: In this article we have discussed current progress in the understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and management strategies of the disease.
